ITS A INDUSTRY DAY...

Today is a big day for all the final year student that participate in this industry day. After a long journey doing a lot of work and research on our project, now is the day to reveal all the project and share all the thing with others including the panel that access our project. Everything was going smoothly from beginning to the end of event. Alhamdulillah, this is the moment that we are waiting for.. The FYP was done..

DESIGN POSTER FOR PRESENTATION

The big day of this project which is Engineer Day @ Industry day will be coming soon. So I need to prepare a few thing to use for that day such as design this poster beside do study about the project. This design and colour was chosen by my dearest supervisor, Ms Nurul Fazlin Roslan. She is the one who determine the colour of my poster and do some correction on my explanation in this poster. I'm very satisfied with what had determine by her and just proceed with this poster since she is no better what is good for me. So I'm very thankful to her that already give a lot of support and idea also guidance to me along of journey in doing my final year project.

OBJECTIVES:

• To fulfill the requirement of Industry Day to prepare a poster for those who participate with the event.
• As a guideline while doing a presentation.

CONCLUSION:

As a conclusion, I can share my project with all the person in that Dewan Gemilang that interested to know about my project when they seen my poster especially to both of my accessor which is Dr Idris and Mdm Norziany.

DEMONSTRATION OF MY PROJECT

RESULT

CONTENT:

This is a fully function of my project after going through a few troubleshoot. First of all, I need to connect the supply which is 9V that I use in this prototype. Then, we have to push a button start to make the vehicle move forward by follow the line. When the vehicle detect a metal on the floor, it will stop for a 10sec. This part is use for a worker at the factory to put a load on the vehicle. After 10 sec, the vehicle will move as usual by follow the line provided. Once the vehicle detect any presence of obstacle in front of it, the vehicle will stop immediately also for a 10sec and the buzzer also will ON automatically to sign a people the there have a obstacle in front of the vehicle. After 10sec, the vehicle will move again by follow the line. All this process will be run continuously until we push a stop button or disconnect the power supply. This project can be applied in factories, hospital, offices and also residential area. Diagram shown below is one of an example of the track can be implement for this vehicle.

OBJECTIVES:

• To well known about the fully operation of the Automated Guided Electric Vehicle.
• To know a suitable place that can be implement this kind of material handling.

CONCLUSION:

I can see the whole operation in this project and the fully function of doing this vehicle. So all the objective already been achieve since the vehicle can move smoothly and run well. 

BUILD A MECHANICAL PART

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

Mechanical part is the most important thing to see how the prototype of the project is look like. In order to make the prototype is complete, I have to consider a lot of part such as the motor shaft that have to put at the wheel of this vehicle, the prospect that need to cut by follow the size that can put all my circuit and also for the load space. All this thing I have to consider about the size, range also the space needed to ensure that the circuit can run smoothly without any over voltage or short circuit is happen. I take a lot of time to adjust the motor and motor driver part since it cannot move well by follow the line provided on the floor. To ensure that the motor can move faster, so I just use 3rpm motor since my supply voltage is not too higher.

OBJECTIVES: 

• To specified the actual size that needed for the prototype in this project.
• To complete up my project until the end of the process which is make it as one of the vehicle.
• To ensure that the motor can run by following the line beside know how to adjust and plug the motor correctly.

CONCLUSION:

By involve in this part, I can see how difficult to built a kind of vehicle that related with the motor shaft and motor driver. I have to consider about the movement of the vehicle that need to move forward, right or left side. I also have a problem on cutting the prospect that cannot cut by using common knife since the thickness of the prospect quite thick.So I need to hire a person that a have a suitable knife or machine to cut the prospect according to my specific size that I already measure before.At last all the part can combine together to make it become like kind of vehicle.

THE WHOLE CIRCUIT OF THIS PROJECT

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

This is all a part of my circuit that involve in this project to ensure all the function and objective can be achieve with smoothly. There are 5 circuit included in this project which is PIC circuit, obstacle or IR circuit, metal sensor circuit,line sensor circuit and the last one is motor driver circuit. All this circuit have their own function that will give a signal to each other when they face a certain situation based on the program that already build in the PIC 16F877A that act as a main brain of this project.

OBJECTIVES:

• To connect all the circuit with each other since it have a related function especially at the PIC circuit.
• To make it completely function as follow the objective.
• To estimated the space in order to build a mechanical part.

CONCLUSION:

Finally I can see the whole function of my project and feel relieve because it can work well after go through a few problem in interfacing and troubleshoot the circuit.

TIME FOR THE ETCHING & SOLDERING PROCESS

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

PCB etching is as simple as immersing it in the etchant solution and agitating it to keep sludge from inhibiting further etching. This can be done in plastic or glass trays, vertical etching tanks, or spray etchers. The goal of all of these methods is to dissolve all of the exposed copper and leave all of the unexposed copper. The acid FERRIC III CLORIDA is use in this process in order to ensure that all the connection can allow the current flow through the copper connection. The difference is throughput. A hobbiest is most likely to use a tray or a vertical tank.

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a solder into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work pieces.. Formerly nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes. Soldering is the only permanent way to ‘fix’ components to a circuit. However, soldering requires a lot of practice as it is easy to ‘destroy’ many hours preparation and design work by poor soldering. If we follow the right guideline, we can have a good connection on the PCB board.

OBJECTIVES:

• To move to the next step before reach to the final part of the completing this project.
• To learn how the correct way in order to etching and solder all the component in the PCB board.
• To allow the current flow through the connection and make the component function well.

CONCLUSION:

I already done finish the important part that can allow me to see the whole of operation in this project. I can learn a lot of things in order to make it connect correctly.

PCB LAYOUT FOR METAL SENSOR

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

A schematic without convert to the PCB layout does not give a good end up in one project because that connection only can be complete and function well we apply on the PCB board. If the connection on PCB layout is done, then we can proceed to the mechanical part. That is the reason I convert the schematic to this PCB layout.

OBJECTIVES:

• To convert a PCB layout from schematic circuit that already design before.
• To move to the next step in order to make the project become complete.

CONCLUSION:

I have successfully complete up this part, so that I can move to the next step which is etching process..

CIRCUIT FOR METAL SENSOR

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

As one of the objective in this project to stop the vehicle at the specific place, so I design this circuit in order to achieve the objective. This circuit will give a signal to PIC circuit when the sensor detect a metal that put on the floor. When the PIC get the signal, then the PIC will pass the signal to the motor to stop the operation immediately. The reason why I design this circuit is because I want to make sure that this vehicle will stop at certain place such as at the factory, there have some place that need to stop the vehicle to ensure that the workers enable to put a load on this project. So, this operation can make the workers can finish up their task smoothly and efficiently.

OBJECTIVE:

• To fulfill the objective of this project that can help the workers at factory do a task efficiently.
• To complete up the whole operation of this project.

CONCLUSION:

By design this schematic circuit, it can ease for me to make the function of this project become successful.

TEST THE OBSTACLE CIRCUIT

RESULT

CONTENT:

In order to ensure about the connection, I have try test the circuit on a breadboard first. To make the IR LED work well, I have increased the current to the LED to almost 50mA which is the maximum continuous current allowed. Because the LED is pulse on and off, this is quite safe and could have been increased to 100mA. To know how wide the detection area is, I used my hand as the object at the distance of approximately 300mm (12inches) from the single sensor, the detection area is about 150mm (6inches) wide. The double sensor can detect a wider area if the phototransistor are spread out at different angle. Using my hand side on the single sensor, the detection area was only about 60-70mm (2-3 inches). This is reasonably narrow due to the lenses in the LEDs and phototransistor. It should be noted that this is not a linear sensor because the intensity of light from the LEDs is 1 divided by distance squared. In other words, when the object is twice the distance away, the IR from the LED is 1/4. As a result,the closer the object, the better the resolution.

OBJECTIVES:

• To test about the connection is correct or not..
• To see whether it can function well or not..

PCB LAYOUT OF OBSTACLE

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

As usual, after schematic design is complete up and ensure about the connection, the circuit need to convert to the PCB layout. So, this is another circuit that I have convert before go to the etching process. PCB layout is very important because, from this process, I can print the connection on the PCB board. When I can make a connection of all the circuit on a PCB board, so I can see the fully function of my project.

OBJECTIVES:

• To make sure that the connection is correct and can work well..
• To enhance my skill on how to convert the schematic to PCB layout..

CIRCUIT OF OBSTACLE SENSOR

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

This is another circuit that will include in my project. It is very important in order to detect any obstacle that may appear in front of this project during its operation. So, by design this circuit, it will make the project automatically stop to avoid the project from hit the obstacle. Besides, it is also can make the buzzer sound to give warning to people that there got an obstacle.This project will move on again when the obstacle was put away from in front of it.

OBJECTIVES:

• To make the project alert about the presence of any obstacle.
• To learn how the circuit can detect an obstacle.
• To choose a suitable component for this circuit.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTENT:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromagnetic mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Voltage regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-operating area protection which makes them virtually immune to damage from output overloads. With adequate heat-sinking, they can deliver in excess of 0.5A output current. There are a few features in of the component

• Output current in excess of 0.5A
• No external components
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal short circuit current-limiting
• Output transistor safe-area compensation

Since the power supply of my circuit is 12V, so I need to use this component in order to protect the PIC circuit and motor driver from any harm.

OBJECTIVES:

• To choose a suitable and safe component for my circuit.
• To know the function and its benefit towards my project.

L298N AS MOTOR DRIVER

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTENT:

L298N

This is a component that I use in motor driver circuit. As I mention in previous post, I will briefly explain about this chip. The L298N is a power integrated circuit usable for driving resistive and inductive load. The device contains 4 push-pull drivers with separate logic input. Two enables input are provided for power down and chopping. Each driver is capable of driving load up to 2A continuously. Logic input to the L298 have high input threshold (1.85V) and hysteresis to provide trouble-free operation in noisy environment normally associated with motors and inductors. Separate logic and load supply lines are provided to reduce total IC power consumption. Power consumption is reduce further when the enable inputs are low. This makes the L298 ideal for system that require low standby current such as battery operated equipment. 

PIN CONNECTION DIAGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

• To strongly understand the function of component that will use in my circuit.
• To identify whether this component suitable for the operation of  system.

PCB LAYOUT OF MOTOR DRIVER

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

Once I finish up design the schematic circuit of motor, I have to convert the schematic to PCB layout in order to do the etching process. Like the previous step, I have to print on the OHP paper first before iron the paper on the PCB board. Then, I have put a side the circuit to complete another circuit first.

OBJECTIVES:

• To complete up one of my circuit of this project.
• To recognize the connection between each component is correct.

CIRCUIT OF MOTOR DRIVER

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

After design the PIC circuit, I have to design a few circuit to complete up the function of my project. This circuit is one of the part that need to be consider because it will make my project move on the track. But, the operation is still depend on the programmed in PIC circuit. In order to make it function successfully, I have to use this circuit because the motor cannot connected directly to the PIC because it cannot give sufficient current to the motor. So, I connect this motor driver between motor and PIC. In this circuit, I use the L298N chip as the heart of this motor driver because it has a practically features that need in the motor driver circuit including thermal shut-down which is it will slow down and stop the operation if overloaded is happen. The 7805 voltage regulator also used in this circuit to give a low voltage dropout which means it only needs more than 5.5V to give a regulated 5V output . It is very useful because that I can powering my system from only a 6V battery. I will briefly explain about both component in the next post.

OBJECTIVE:

• To complete up one of the main part of this project that will make it successfully function.
• To recognize the component that suitable to use in this circuit.

PCB LAYOUT OF PIC 16F877A

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

The next step that I need to proceed is print out the schematic on the PCB board . After the schematic design is complete, then I convert the schematic into PCB layout design. So it will be easy for me to make the connection by print the design on the OHP paper. Then, I have to iron the paper on the PCB board before I go to the next step which is etching. But, I will complete up all the circuit first before I etching all the circuit together.

OBJECTIVES:

• To learn how to convert the schematic into PCB layout.
• To know the step to print the layout on the PCB board.
• To ensure the connection is correct or not.

TIME TO BUILD THE PROGRAMMING

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

Now, I need to move to the next step that will help my project really work which is build the programs. After design the schematic diagram especially the brain of the system which is PIC circuit, I can easily determine which pin of the IC that will control each circuit since I have 5 circuit. But, its quite take time to ensure that the program successfully. I have to build the program step by step because I want to try minimize the error while run the program. When the program for one circuit is done, then I will build a program for another circuit and run the program again. By doing this step, I can easily trace any error that will occur while run the program. Because of this step is quite challenging, so I ask my friend that expert about this program to guide me to build a program for my project. I use MPlab to build this program and burn into the PIC 16F877A by using PIC kit 2.

OBJECTIVES:

• To learn about how to build a program for one system.
• To trace any error that occur in the program and how to correct the error until the system successfully done.
• To interface the program to IC then to the hardware.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

After changing the block diagram, so I can understand and see clearly what should I do in my project. Then, I decide to design schematic diagram of the main part of my project which is PIC 16F877A by using Protel software. This schematic was design by referring to my new block diagram. Since its quite difficult of designing a circuit and create a programming, so I ask my friend to teach and help me until the function was done successfully. Once the schematic was done, I proceed to the next step which is convert to the PCB layout. By doing this step, it will become easier when I want to print the schematic on the PCB board before etching the board with Ferric III Clorida Acid.But, I need to design another circuit that will connect to this PIC. I will show the design in the next post.

OBJECTIVES:

• To build up the brain of this project..
• To determine each pin that will connected to other circuit by design it using Protel software in order to ensure whether it is successfully function or not..
• To minimize an error that will occur as much as I can..

PIC MICROCONTROLLER -16F877A

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTENT:

The basic building block of PIC 16F877A is based on Harvard architecture.PIC 16F877 is one of the most advanced microcontroller from Microchip. This controller is widely used for experimental and modern applications because of its low price, wide range of applications, high quality, and ease of availability. It is ideal for applications such as machine control applications, measurement devices, study purpose, and so on.The PIC 16F877 features all the components which modern microcontrollers normally have. The PIC16FXX series has more advanced and developed features when compared to its previous series. It has a few important features such as 

• high performance
• only 35 simple word instructions
• fully static design
• wide operating voltage range (2.0-5.56)volts
• high sink or source current (25mA)
• commercial,industrial and extended temperature range
• low power consumption

PIC 16F877A PROGRAM MEMORY

In order to write a program, we need a memory to run some system before interface on the IC. Program memory contains the program that are written by the user. The program counter (PC) executes these store commands one by one. Usually PIC16F877A devices have a 13 bits wide program counter that is capable of addressing 8K*14 bit program memory space. This memory is primarily used for storing the program that are written (burned) to be used by the PIC. These device also have 8K*14 bits of flash memory that can be electrically erasable or reprogrammed. Each time we write a new program to the controller, we must delete the old one at that time. The figure above shows the program memory and stack.

OBJECTIVES:

• To become well-known  and get a lot of information about this PIC before used it as my brain of my system.
• To recognize about the function and determine which PIC is suitable for my project.

CHANGE TO THE NEW BLOCK DIAGRAM

METHODOLOGY

DESCRIPTION

In this project, the 12V DC is further step down to 5V DC using a voltage regulator. Voltage regulator module is used to protect PIC and other connected sensor/relay from over voltage. This is because the PIC and all other connected sensors relay all support 5V DC only. To make sure the motor driver move fast and smoothly, the power that supply to this motor is still 12V and need to step down to 5V by using voltage regulator. This step is very important because the chip of motor driver can only accommodate 5V. The IR sensor (Transmitter and Receiver) detect the dark line (black line colour). When the IR sensor detects the black line colour, the voltage measured at the sensor will be increased and when the IR sensor not detects the line, the voltage will be decreased. That means, while the IR sensor detect the line, the voltage will be increased and connected to the PIC16F877A and the PIC will be identified the sensor to move by follow the line. But, when the side of the vehicle detects another line at the side of the track, it will immediately stop moving. So, the human will push button stop at the top of the vehicle to put a load. After finish a work, the human need to push the start button to make the vehicle move as usual by follow the track. The vehicle also will stop once the obstacle sensor detect any obstacle in front of the vehicle and move again when we put away the obstacle.

OBJECTIVE:

1. The process of the project become smoothly once interface with the hardware.
2. To fulfil the purpose of this project.
3. To reduce an error that might occur.

CONCLUSION

When this block diagram is change , so I can achieve the purpose why this project were created beside I can move to the next step to make this project successfully.

ITS MY GANTT CHART

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

OBJECTIVE:

• To help me finish up my project due to the dateline.
• To make sure that I can do my work by follow the step that required in this project.

PREPARE FOR THE PROGRESS REPORT

Actually this progress report need to attach together with the first 3 chapter of the full report. Because of we already submit the report while other candidate submit the proposal, so we do not have to spend a lot of time to finish up the 3 chapter. Mean while, the content that need to include in the progress report is;

Criteria:

• need to briefly explain about the project, the period to covered of doing the project and also what did I had done along this semester in order to complete my FYP 1 project.
• provide a details work and date that I had accomplish during this semester and how much effort that I already used to finish the work in that time period.
• the mission or the next step that I expect to do in order to complete the project or still at the same level.
• state a problems encountered while doing the project and provide some action to overcome the problems.
• by doing this report, I can inform and give some explanation to my supervisor about what I had done to accomplish my project.

DONE PRESENT MY FYP 1

I feel quite relieved after the presentation session even though my feeling is so nervous while present the slide. But I feel comfortable with the accessor when they can communicate nicely and they do not talk in formal communication.. They are also give a few opinion to add in my project in order to improve the operation.. The accessor that I mean is Sir Tarmizi and Sir Ghazali..

RE-DO SLIDE PRESENTATION

My slide presentation is not meet the requirement of my supervisor. I just follow what is she ask because of she is also one of the accessor, so I think she is know well about the contain should include in the slide. So, I re-do the slide and make some preparation to present my project to the accessor on 12th April 2012  and the venue at Gemilang Hall..

PREPARE SLIDE PRESENTATION

I feel quite tired of doing a lot of assignment this week but, at the same time, I need to prepare the slide for presentation of FYP 1. Only a few part that I put in the slide. The part that I include in the slide is;

1) Introduction

2) Problem statement

3) Objectives

4) Methodology

5) Literature review

6) Work plan

7) Conclusion

Then, I show this slide to my supervisor to make sure whether it is okay and meet the requirement of slide presentation scheme.

SUBMIT PROPOSAL BY EMAIL

       I already submit the proposal a few weeks ago, unfortunately, it was rejected again and I need to do some correction and send it by email to my dearest supervisor,Miss Nurul..=)

       But I only have to re-do only at the literature review, methodology which is the flow chart and block diagram only.

WORKING OF OBSTACLE SENSOR

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW (2)

CONTENT:

It consist of IR transmitter TSOP receiver sensor while moving the on track  its emits infra red light in forward direction in case some obstacle is present on the way of moving the reflection of infrared light is receive by TSOP receiver sensor which amplified the weak signal and give the output in 36khz frequency which are connected on the interrupt pin of the  controller which enable immediate stopping all the operation  and vehicle stop while interrupt disable when object is not present on in front of vehicle no repletion will come and vehicle performing its programmed functions.

OBJECTIVE:

• To clearly explain about the function of the sensor.
• To introduce another important component of the project.

OPERATION OF THE MOTOR DRIVER

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW (1)

• As we can see in the figure above there are four switching elements named as "High side left", "High side right", "Low side right", "Low side left". When these switches are turned on in pairs motor changes its direction accordingly. Like, if we switch on High side left and Low side right then motor rotate in forward direction, as current flows from Power supply through the motor coil goes to ground via switch low side right. 
• Similarly, when we switch on low side left and high side right, the current flows in opposite direction and motor rotates in backward direction. This is the basic working of H-Bridge. We can also make a small truth table according to the switching of H-Bridge explained above. 

Truth Table
High Left	High Right	Low Left	Low Right	Description
On	Off	Off	On	Motor runs clockwise
Off	On	On	Off	Motor runs anti-clockwise
On	On	Off	Off	Motor stops or decelerates
Off	Off	On	On	Motor stops or decelerates

OBJECTIVE:

• To show about one of the main part that will use in the project.
• To explain clearly about the function of the motor driver.