CIRCUIT FOR METAL SENSOR

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

As one of the objective in this project to stop the vehicle at the specific place, so I design this circuit in order to achieve the objective. This circuit will give a signal to PIC circuit when the sensor detect a metal that put on the floor. When the PIC get the signal, then the PIC will pass the signal to the motor to stop the operation immediately. The reason why I design this circuit is because I want to make sure that this vehicle will stop at certain place such as at the factory, there have some place that need to stop the vehicle to ensure that the workers enable to put a load on this project. So, this operation can make the workers can finish up their task smoothly and efficiently.

OBJECTIVE:

• To fulfill the objective of this project that can help the workers at factory do a task efficiently.
• To complete up the whole operation of this project.

CONCLUSION:

By design this schematic circuit, it can ease for me to make the function of this project become successful.

TEST THE OBSTACLE CIRCUIT

RESULT

CONTENT:

In order to ensure about the connection, I have try test the circuit on a breadboard first. To make the IR LED work well, I have increased the current to the LED to almost 50mA which is the maximum continuous current allowed. Because the LED is pulse on and off, this is quite safe and could have been increased to 100mA. To know how wide the detection area is, I used my hand as the object at the distance of approximately 300mm (12inches) from the single sensor, the detection area is about 150mm (6inches) wide. The double sensor can detect a wider area if the phototransistor are spread out at different angle. Using my hand side on the single sensor, the detection area was only about 60-70mm (2-3 inches). This is reasonably narrow due to the lenses in the LEDs and phototransistor. It should be noted that this is not a linear sensor because the intensity of light from the LEDs is 1 divided by distance squared. In other words, when the object is twice the distance away, the IR from the LED is 1/4. As a result,the closer the object, the better the resolution.

OBJECTIVES:

• To test about the connection is correct or not..
• To see whether it can function well or not..

PCB LAYOUT OF OBSTACLE

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

As usual, after schematic design is complete up and ensure about the connection, the circuit need to convert to the PCB layout. So, this is another circuit that I have convert before go to the etching process. PCB layout is very important because, from this process, I can print the connection on the PCB board. When I can make a connection of all the circuit on a PCB board, so I can see the fully function of my project.

OBJECTIVES:

• To make sure that the connection is correct and can work well..
• To enhance my skill on how to convert the schematic to PCB layout..

CIRCUIT OF OBSTACLE SENSOR

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

This is another circuit that will include in my project. It is very important in order to detect any obstacle that may appear in front of this project during its operation. So, by design this circuit, it will make the project automatically stop to avoid the project from hit the obstacle. Besides, it is also can make the buzzer sound to give warning to people that there got an obstacle.This project will move on again when the obstacle was put away from in front of it.

OBJECTIVES:

• To make the project alert about the presence of any obstacle.
• To learn how the circuit can detect an obstacle.
• To choose a suitable component for this circuit.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTENT:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromagnetic mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Voltage regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-operating area protection which makes them virtually immune to damage from output overloads. With adequate heat-sinking, they can deliver in excess of 0.5A output current. There are a few features in of the component

• Output current in excess of 0.5A
• No external components
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal short circuit current-limiting
• Output transistor safe-area compensation

Since the power supply of my circuit is 12V, so I need to use this component in order to protect the PIC circuit and motor driver from any harm.

OBJECTIVES:

• To choose a suitable and safe component for my circuit.
• To know the function and its benefit towards my project.

L298N AS MOTOR DRIVER

LITERATURE REVIEW

CONTENT:

L298N

This is a component that I use in motor driver circuit. As I mention in previous post, I will briefly explain about this chip. The L298N is a power integrated circuit usable for driving resistive and inductive load. The device contains 4 push-pull drivers with separate logic input. Two enables input are provided for power down and chopping. Each driver is capable of driving load up to 2A continuously. Logic input to the L298 have high input threshold (1.85V) and hysteresis to provide trouble-free operation in noisy environment normally associated with motors and inductors. Separate logic and load supply lines are provided to reduce total IC power consumption. Power consumption is reduce further when the enable inputs are low. This makes the L298 ideal for system that require low standby current such as battery operated equipment. 

PIN CONNECTION DIAGRAM

OBJECTIVE:

• To strongly understand the function of component that will use in my circuit.
• To identify whether this component suitable for the operation of  system.

PCB LAYOUT OF MOTOR DRIVER

METHODOLOGY

CONTENT:

Once I finish up design the schematic circuit of motor, I have to convert the schematic to PCB layout in order to do the etching process. Like the previous step, I have to print on the OHP paper first before iron the paper on the PCB board. Then, I have put a side the circuit to complete another circuit first.

OBJECTIVES:

• To complete up one of my circuit of this project.
• To recognize the connection between each component is correct.